Types of Psychiatric Disorders

Types of Psychiatric Disorders Basics Print Types and Symptoms of Common Psychiatric Disorders By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on October 25, 2019 Ghislain Marie David de Lossy/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming A psychiatric disorder is a mental illness diagnosed by a mental health professional that greatly disturbs your thinking, moods, and/or behavior and seriously increases your risk of disability, pain, death, or loss of freedom. In addition, your symptoms must be more severe than expected response to an upsetting event, such as normal grief after the loss of a loved one. Examples A large number of psychiatric disorders have been identified. Chances are that, whether or not you or someone close to you has been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, you know something about one or more of the following examples: DepressionPersonality disordersAnxiety disordersSchizophreniaEating disordersAddictive behaviors Symptoms Examples of ongoing signs and symptoms of psychiatric disorders include: Confused thinkingReduced ability to concentrateDeep, ongoing sadness, or feeling “down”Inability to manage day-to-day stress and problemsTrouble understanding situations and other peopleWithdrawal from others and from activities you used to enjoyExtreme tiredness, low energy, or sleeping problemsStrong feelings of fear, worry, or guiltExtreme mood changes, from highs to lows, often shifting very quicklyDetachment from reality (delusions), paranoia (the belief that others are “out to get you,”) or hallucinations (seeing things that aren’t there)Marked changes in eating habitsA change in sex driveDrug or alcohol abuseExcessive anger, hostility, and/or violenceSuicidal thinking A psychiatric disorder may also cause physical symptoms, such as ?a  headache, back pain, or stomach pain. If you’re being evaluated for a psychiatric disorder, be sure to tell your doctor about any physical symptoms you’re having, including unexplained aches and pains. Types The following list describes the main types (often called classes or categories) of psychiatric disorders. Neurodevelopmental Disorders.  The many psychiatric disorders in this group usually begin in infancy or childhood, often before a child starts school. Examples include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, and learning disorders.Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders. Psychotic disorders cause detachment from reality. People with these diagnoses experience delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech. Schizophrenia is probably the best known of these illnesses, although detachment from reality can sometimes affect people with other psychiatric disorders.Bipolar and Related Disorders.  This group includes disorders in which episodes of mania (periods of excessive excitement, activity, and energy) alternate with periods of depression.Depressive Disorders. These include disorders characterized by feelings of extreme sadness and worthlessness, along with reduced interest in previously enjoyable activities. Examples inc lude major depressive disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which is more severe than the more widely known premenstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS is not classified as a psychiatric disorder.Anxiety Disorders. Anxiety involves focusing on bad or dangerous things that could happen and worrying fearfully and excessively about them. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and phobias (extreme or irrational fears of specific things, such as heights).Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. People with these disorders experience repeated and unwanted urges, thoughts, or images (obsessions) and feel driven to taking repeated actions in response to them (compulsions). Examples include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), hoarding disorder, and hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania).Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. These psychiatric disorders develop during or after stressful or traumatic life events. Examples include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder.Dissociative Disorders.  These are disorders in which a person’s sense of self is disrupted, such as dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia.Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders. A person with one of these disorders may have distressing and incapacitating physical symptoms with no clear medical cause. (“Somatic” means “of the body.”) Examples include illness anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder (previously known as hypochondriasis), and factitious disorder.Feeding and Eating Disorders. These psychiatric disorders are disturbances related to eating, such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.Elimination Disorders. Psychiatric disorders in this group relate to the inappropriate elimination (release) of urine or stool by accident or on purpose. Bedwetting (enuresis) is an example.Sleep-Wake Disorders. These are severe sleep disorders, including insomnia disorder, nightmare disord er, sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome.Sexual Dysfunctions. These disorders of sexual response include such diagnoses as premature ejaculation, erectile disorder, and female orgasmic disorder.Gender Dysphoria. These disorders stem from the distress that goes with a persons stated desire to be a different gender. The diagnostic criteria in this group differ somewhat among children, adolescents, and adults.Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders. People with these disorders show symptoms of difficulty with emotional and behavioral self-control. Examples include kleptomania (repeated stealing) and intermittent explosive disorder.Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. People with these diagnoses have problems associated with excessive use of alcohol, opioids (for example, oxycodone and morphine), recreational drugs, hallucinogens, and six other types of drugs. This group also includes gambling disorder.Neurocognitive Disorders. These psychiatric disorders affect peop le’s ability to think and reason. The disorders in this group include delirium as well as disorders of thinking and reasoning caused by such conditions or diseases as traumatic brain injury or Alzheimers disease.Personality Disorders. A personality disorder involves a lasting pattern of emotional instability and unhealthy behaviors that seriously disrupt daily living and relationships. Examples include borderline, antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders.Paraphilic Disorders.  Many sexual-interest disorders are included in this group. Examples include sexual sadism disorder, voyeuristic disorder, and pedophilic disorder.Other Mental Disorders. This group includes psychiatric disorders that are due to other medical conditions or that dont meet all the requirements for any of the other psychiatric disorder groups. When Does a Mental Health Concern Become a Psychiatric Disorder? If youre like most people, you’ve probably had a mental health concern from time to time, such as depression following ?the  loss of a job. These concerns are typically time-limited, and eventually, you start to feel better. That’s not true of a psychiatric disorder, in which your symptoms are ongoing and frequently upsetting to you and the people around you. A psychiatric disorder also interferes with your ability to do day-to-day tasks. When the stress of trying to cope with your symptoms becomes more than you can handle, treatment typically involves a combination of medications and  psychotherapy  (also called talk therapy). The Best Online Therapy Services

Hunger in Ethiopia Essay - 1195 Words

How would you feel if your body slowly turns on you, devouring the cells that make up your very being? What would you do if you were so weak that you couldn’t even hold a loved one in your arms? How would you feel if you couldn’t think straight because the pain of hunger was so intense? What would you do..? Starvation results in a series of devastating events that can ultimately lead to death. When a person eats, the body extracts needed nutrients for cellular maintenance and repair. This requires energy which is provided for by the metabolism of the food. If we consume more than what is required at that time, our body stores the excess as adipose tissue or fat. This fat serves as a reserve of potential energy in times of a†¦show more content†¦The location and geography of the country has caused the people to experience famine after famine, leaving many to die from starvation. A famine is in definition, â€Å"A great shortage or an extreme scarcity of food over an extended period of time† (Webster). There are several different types of famine that occur in different types of the world. The type that Ethiopia generally goes through is called a Ravallion. During a Ravallion famine, there are unusually large amounts of causalities with extreme shortages of food i n certain parts of the population. There are many things that cause famine, whether it’s draught, plague, or civil disrupt. Right now, Ethiopia is experiencing a draught that has killed almost all of their crops. Because of the famines that Ethiopia experiences most every year, there is usually an increase in the amount of people malnourished. This year, 11to 14 million people are expected to go hungry leaving many to starve to death. Ethiopia has experienced many draughts like these, the worst however, being in 1983. This draught lasted two years and the draught alone killed over 400,000 people in one year, this doesn’t include the deaths that were due to starvation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia). Another factor that causes starvation in Ethiopia is its economy. Ethiopia is in and has always been in a very poor economic state. Crops account for 41% of the country’s GDP however; theShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The Hung er Epidemic1659 Words   |  7 Pagesliving. One such example is Ethiopia in Africa, and it is a hot zone of the hunger epidemic. Poor nutrition causes nearly half of the deaths in children under 5 ( 3.1 million children each year), as well as on a lesser note 1 in 4 of the world s children have their growth stunted because of hunger. Meanwhile agriculture is a staple in most economies and Ethiopia is without that suffering leaving it with no food security. 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The Adolescent Crisis of The Catcher in the Rye Essays

The Adolescent Crisis of The Catcher in the Rye Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is valid, realistic, representation of the adolescent world. The book is about adolescent crisis. The main character, Holden, runs away from his expensive school because he is an academic failure and finds intolerable the company of so many phoneys. Holden is a rangy sixteen year old who has grown too fast. Girls are on his mind. Whenever girls do something pretty, even if theyre ugly or stupid, you fall half in love with them. Sex is something I really dont understand too hot. You never know where the hell you are. I keep making up these sex rules for myself, and then I break them right away. Last year I made up a rule that I was†¦show more content†¦Yet, Holdens own sex drive is very much alive; it is part of the irresistible thrust toward adulthood. He does not want to deny it; in this respect he wants to be grown up. The action of the novel is centered around the athlete Stradlater, who is a very sexy bastard, and who has borrowed Holdens jacket and girl. When he returns from the date Holden provokes him into a fight. Get your dirty stinking moron knees off my chest, says Caulfield to Stradlater. Youre a stupid dirty sonuvabitch of a moron. After the fight he goes next door to Ackleys room for companionship. That guy had everything wrong with him; sinus trouble, pimples, lousy teeth, halitosis, crumby fingernails. You had to feel a little sorry for the crazy sonuvabitch. But he can find no comfort or solace in the room which stinks of dirty socks. I felt so lonesome, all of a sudden, I almost wished I was dead.4 It is, however, the imminently dangerous quality of sex that is frightening. When Holden asks his roommate if he had sex, Thats a professional secret, buddy. When Holden recalls for this sexy bastard how he had met Jane and goes on to say that he used to play checkers with her. 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10th Grade Biology Textbook Analysis Free Essays

10th Grade Biology Textbook Analysis: A Readability Study Teachers should consider assessing the textbooks they are planning to use in the classroom. Textbook evaluations and assessing students’ connections with texts are important tasks for content area teachers and students (Vacca, 2002). Teachers are constantly assessing the suitability of reading material for their students. We will write a custom essay sample on 10th Grade Biology Textbook Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Readability can be defined as the grade level at which a document is written. Readability is concerned with the factors that affect students’ success in reading and understanding a text. These factors include the legibility of the print and illustrations, the motivation and interest of the reader, and the reading level of the text in relation to the reading ability of the reader (Johnson, 1998). These key ideas of readability are at the heart of choosing the best textbooks for students. There are many readability formulas or indexes teachers can use to objectively measure the readability of textbooks. Many readability formulas have been developed as a result of research evidence (Johnson, 1998). Most readability formula and index values are calculated by measuring sentence length and word familiarity or word length to determine a grade-level score for text passages (Vacca, 2002). There are several widely used readability formulas. The Fry Readability Graph was developed by Edward Fry in 1977 for the purpose of predicting readability. It is a quick and simple readability formula. He used the common formula variables of syllables per 100 words and words per sentence. The user marks the counts of the variables on a graph and then reads the readability grade score directly from it. The graph was designed to identify the grade-level score for materials from grade 1 though college and can predict the difficulty of the material within one grade level (Vacca, 2002). Flesch-Kincaid Formula was developed to be used as a US Government Department of Defense standard test. The formula uses two factors: the average number of syllables per 100 words and the average number of words per sentence. The score in this case indicates a grade level (Johnson, 1998). Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index is automatically calculated on Microsoft ® Word documents. Microsoft ® Word will display readability statistics after it has completed a grammar check, which is accessible from the tool bar (Arnold, n. d. ). Dale-Chall Readability Formula has a 3,000 â€Å"familiar word† list which is used as a guide to identify â€Å"difficult words†. This formula uses two factors: the average sentence length and the percentage of unfamiliar, or difficult, words (Intervention, n. . ). Gunning’s ‘FOG’ Readability Formula is suitable for secondary and older primary age groups. Gunning proposed counting words of three or more syllables, assigning them as â€Å"hard words†. The formula is based on two counts, that of average sentence length and the percentage of â€Å"hard words† (Johnson, 1998). The ‘SMOG’ Formula tends to give higher values t han the other formulas because it was intended to predict the level necessary for 90 – 100% comprehension of the reading material, i. e. when the SMOG formula yields a readability score of ten for a particular textbook, the students reading on a tenth grade level will be reading the material with 90 to 100% accuracy (Johnson, 1998). FORCAST Formula was devised for assessing US army technical manuals and is not suitable for primary age materials. But, because it is one of the only formulas that does not need whole sentences, it is suitable for assessing notes and test questions. The only factor used to calculate the FORCAST formula is the number of single-syllable words found in a sample of 150 total words (Johnson, 1998). According to Vacca (2002), the Close Procedure does not use a formula to determine readability. This procedure determines how well students can read a particular reading passage as a result of their interaction with the reading material. In this method every nth word is deleted from the passage, leaving a blank in its space. The passage is given to students to fill in the missing words and the completed passage is used to evaluate students’ ability to accurately supply the missing words. The General Textbook Readability Checklist is a checklist that focuses on the understandability, usability, and interestability of a textbook. This purpose of this study was to examine textbook readability by applying several readability formulas, including the Fry Readability Graph, Flesch-Kincaid Formula, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index, Dale-Chall Readability Formula, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readability Formula, McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula, FORCAST Formula, Cloze Procedure and the General Textbook Readability Checklist, to a biology textbook titled, Modern Biology. Method Materials Materials used in this study included a 10th grade biology textbook, Modern Biology as well as the procedural guidelines for each of the readability formulas that will be used to assess the textbook. Procedure 18 passages were randomly selected from the Modern Biology textbook and the appropriate pages photocopied. The photocopied passages were then placed into 5 groups having three samples each (Fry Readability Graph Group- Appendix A, Flesch-Kincaid Formula Group- Appendix B, Dale-Chall Readability Formula Group –Appendix D, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readability Formula Group- Appendix E, and FORCAST Formula Group- Appendix G), and three separate groups containing one passage each (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index Group- Appendix C, McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula Group- Appendix F, and Cloze Procedure Group- Appendix H). A more subjective measure was used in the General Textbook Readability Checklist (Appendix I). Procedures were followed for each of the Formulas and Indexes, and results were tabulated and reported. A brief summary and discussion were included in the write-up. Results and Discussion This purpose of this study was to examine textbook readability by applying several readability formulas, including the Fry Readability Graph, Flesch-Kincaid Formula, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index, Dale-Chall Readability Formula, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readability Formula, McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula, FORCAST Formula, Cloze Procedure and the General Textbook Readability Checklist, to a biology textbook titled, Modern Biology. As table 2 illustrates, the Flesch-Kincaid Formula (10. 8 grade, 15. 8 years old) was the only readability method that supported the teacher’s decision to use this textbook. The Fry Readability Graph (Table 1) indicated that the textbook was at an 8th grade level (13 years old). The remaining objective methods for readability, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index refer to Table 3 (12 grade), Dale-Chall Readability Index (Table 4 -16 grade), Gunning ‘FOG’ Readability refer to Table 5 (13. 6 grade, 18. 6 years old), McLaughlin ‘SMOG’ Formula see Table 6 (13. 1 grade, 18. 1 years old), and the FORCAST Formula see Table 7 (12. grade, 17. 1 years old) indicated that the textbook reading would be too difficult for a 10th grader. In an attempt to produce a more cohesive point on the scale of readability, the averages of six tests (Fry Readability Graph, Flesch-Kincaid Formula, Dale-Chall Readability Index, Gunning ‘FOG’ Readabilty, McLaughlin Ã¢â‚¬Ë œSMOG’ Formula, and the FORCAST Formula) were found for the textbook. As illustrated in Table 10, the average grade for this text is found to be at the 12th grade. The Close Readability Procedure results also indicate that the reading level is to difficult for the 10th grade class (Table 8). According to the General Textbook Readability Checklist the textbook is strongest in its usability and weakest in its understandability (Table 9). I really am not surprised that the results indicate that the textbook is too difficult for the 10th grade student. Science textbooks are probably inherently more difficult to read because the subject matter is more complex as is the terminology. Although these tests didn’t provide the desired results, there is a lot of similarities between them and I believe that they are still good measures of the readability of textbooks. How to cite 10th Grade Biology Textbook Analysis, Essay examples

The eight moral philosophies Essay Example For Students

The eight moral philosophies Essay As I answered the eight questions about my own moral philosophies I realized that before this I had no idea. It had never even crossed my mind. I would just go about my day-to-day life, make my decisions and move right a long with no regard to where they were coming from. This paper alone has changed the way I analyze my actions not to mention my understanding of them. Coming from a split family I was bombarded with contradictory views and morals. My father, a wealthy businessman remarried with a new kid, has always preached duty and reason. He makes choices depending on how he would want others to make them. He always thinks about his actions thoroughly before deciding what to do. Weighing out all possible consequences. He taught me to be honest and to fallow the rules knowing that I would not want to be lied to or cheated. His logic and reason amazes me. When we argue he always challenges my side in a way that makes me look wrong no matter what the topic is to be sure I see where he is coming from (which makes it very hard to argue with him). If there were an opposite of him it would be my mother. She practices more egoism and situationism. I am much like her, or have been in the past, in the way that I want what is good for me in the moment. She is very impulsive and usually expects to get something, whether it is a pat on the back or a sack of money. At the same time though she would do anything for my brother and I. She has in the past given us the last penny in her wallet even though it means she will not be able to do something for herself. There is not a doubt in my mind that my mom will be there for me anytime I need her. Both my parents have influenced me along with a mix of so many others. We will write a custom essay on The eight moral philosophies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I have a friend back home who is a very disciplined vegan and also a mild animal rights activist. Every time he does something he thinks about what the effect will be on nature. I have never seen him touch meat, or litter, or drive a car, or wear leather, or even think about keeping a pet. Nature and its natural state are that important to him and it impresses me so much. I lack that conviction in my life for something and just seeing him appreciate something so simple yet so large inspires me to find my own thing. I also had a teacher in high school who was that confident about her beliefs and lucky or me it was her belief in teaching. She worked at a school that didn’t pay her very well and didn’t appreciate her at all because she loved to teach and supported the environment of an all girls school. She gave everything she had for her students while sacrificing her own money, time and life. Writing about both of these people and their lives has made me consider my own belief system, or at least where I am coming from but I have yet to do anything about it. To tell you the truth I have been very nave on the subject of moral philosophies until now so I would have to say that they have not changed ever. I do, however, want to change them. I want to learn and grow and find something like teaching that means so much to me that I would forfeit my own personal gain for it. When I was younger I was asked to choose between my parents. At the time my mom was in a very depressed place so I decided to go and take care of her. She needed me for moral support and even though I should have stayed with my dad I knew without me she would not make it. I know now that I gave up so much of my child hood to be my mother’s mother but I love her so much that I would do it again in a

Free Essays on The Gift And The Task Of The Reign Of God

The ambiguity that is the reign of God. Not defined yet debated throughout the course of history. What does the term ‘reign of God’ mean? Is it a patriarchy or monarchy controlled by a divine being? Is it the teachings that God bestowed onto the prophets for generations to learn and comprehend? As we continue on, the debate will go on, but some of the questions will be answered. The debate started when the Jewish Testament and the New Testament arrived at different views of God. The Jewish Testament viewed God as angry, vengeful, and full of wrath for humankind. The New Testament viewed God as a forgiving and loving omnipotent being that will answer to those who are in need. As by the description, both sides have conflicting views of the being. Both so extreme that it could be possible that God may fall in between the two views and take on both sides. Many have misinterpreted what is the reign of God, and history has documented the case. The Crusades had both the Christians and the Middle Eastern world fighting gory feuds on which side is right and which side is wrong. For centuries, there was no resolve and peace among both parties. A simple misinterpretation took these wars into a new level that would even be considered to be bloody by today’s standards. In the long run, neither side won because no new views came into shape and proof was impossible to come by. This is an example of how religion can backfire on a divine being and separating instead of integrating. Many have come to extreme view that there is no reign of God but only the course of actions that the world bring upon itself. It would be pretty simplistic to say that since no man or woman have physically seen God, than God cannot exist. Even though I am not going to take the route that I recently mentioned, I will disagree with Cardinal Kasper on his views of the reign of God. As follows. Earlier I mentioned about the inconsistency of both the Jewish and New... Free Essays on The Gift And The Task Of The Reign Of God Free Essays on The Gift And The Task Of The Reign Of God The ambiguity that is the reign of God. Not defined yet debated throughout the course of history. What does the term ‘reign of God’ mean? Is it a patriarchy or monarchy controlled by a divine being? Is it the teachings that God bestowed onto the prophets for generations to learn and comprehend? As we continue on, the debate will go on, but some of the questions will be answered. The debate started when the Jewish Testament and the New Testament arrived at different views of God. The Jewish Testament viewed God as angry, vengeful, and full of wrath for humankind. The New Testament viewed God as a forgiving and loving omnipotent being that will answer to those who are in need. As by the description, both sides have conflicting views of the being. Both so extreme that it could be possible that God may fall in between the two views and take on both sides. Many have misinterpreted what is the reign of God, and history has documented the case. The Crusades had both the Christians and the Middle Eastern world fighting gory feuds on which side is right and which side is wrong. For centuries, there was no resolve and peace among both parties. A simple misinterpretation took these wars into a new level that would even be considered to be bloody by today’s standards. In the long run, neither side won because no new views came into shape and proof was impossible to come by. This is an example of how religion can backfire on a divine being and separating instead of integrating. Many have come to extreme view that there is no reign of God but only the course of actions that the world bring upon itself. It would be pretty simplistic to say that since no man or woman have physically seen God, than God cannot exist. Even though I am not going to take the route that I recently mentioned, I will disagree with Cardinal Kasper on his views of the reign of God. As follows. Earlier I mentioned about the inconsistency of both the Jewish and New...

Bounty Land Warrants From 1775 to 1885

Bounty Land Warrants From 1775 to 1885 Bounty land warrants were grants of free land issued to veterans in return for military service from the time of the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Revolutionary War through 1855 in the United States. They contained the surrendered warrant, a letter of assignment if the warrant was transferred to another individual, and other papers pertaining to the transaction. What Are Bounty Land Warrants in Detail Bounty land is a grant of free land from a government given to citizens as a reward for service to their country, generally for military-related service. Most bounty-land warrants in the United States were given to veterans or their survivors for wartime military service performed between 1775 and 3 March 1855. This includes veterans who served in the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mexican War. Bounty land warrants werent automatically issued to every veteran who served. The veteran first had to apply for a warrant and then, if the warrant was granted, he could use the warrant to apply for a land patent. The land patent is the document which granted him ownership of the land. Bounty land warrants could also be transferred or sold to other individuals.   They were also used as a way to provide evidence of military service, especially in cases where a veteran or his widow did not apply for a pension How They Were Awarded Revolutionary War bounty land warrants were first awarded through an  act of Congress on 16 September 1776. They were last awarded for military service in 1858, although the ability to claim bounty land previously earned extended until 1863. A few claims that were tied up in the courts caused lands to be granted as late as 1912. What You Can Learn From Bounty Land Warrants A bounty land warrant application for a veteran of the Revolutionary War, War of 1812 or the Mexican War will include the individuals rank, military unit and period of service. It will also generally provide his age and place of residence at the time of application. If the application was made by the surviving widow, it will usually include her age, place of residence, the date and place of marriage, and her maiden name. Accessing Bounty Land Warrants Federal bounty land warrants are kept at the National Archives in Washington D.C. and can be requested through the mail on NATF Form 85 (Military Pension/Bounty Land Warrant Applications) or ordered online.